建设占用耕地空间差异的多尺度特征研究—以武汉城市圈为例

研究目的:分析建设占用耕地及其来源结构空间差异的多尺度特征。研究方法:采用基尼系数、尺度方差等方法,从市级、县级、乡镇三个尺度测度分析武汉城市圈1990—2015年建设占用耕地的空间差异、来源结构差异及其尺度作用特征。研究结果:(1)建设占用耕地在三个尺度上均存在空间差异,其中乡镇尺度空间差异最大,县级次之,市级尺度最小;尺度越低,对空间差异的贡献程度越高。(2)将建设占用耕地分为城镇建设占用耕地、农村居民点建设占用耕地、工业交通建设占用耕地的研究表明,三种来源结构的空间差异与整体差异基本相似,尺度水平越低,空间差异越大。(3)与农村居民点建设占用耕地相比,城镇建设占用耕地和工业交通建设占用耕地空间差异较为显著,对整体差异的贡献在三个尺度上均占主导。研究结论:多尺度研究能较好地分析建设占用耕地的空间差异特征,研究区须加强乡镇尺度尤其是城镇和工业交通建设占用耕地的空间管制,探索实施空间差别化管理,从而促进科学合理可持续地保护利用耕地。     

发展劳务经济促进小康建设--提高安徽农村居民收入的思考

农民收入低下是安徽农村小康建设的难点。根据安徽省的资源禀赋和农村剩余劳动力存量大的现状,因势利导发展劳务经济既是提高我省农民收入的现实需要,也必将对加快安徽全面小康的进程起到积极的推动作用。     

构建与主体功能区建设相协调的财政转移支付制度研究

本文在明确界定财政转移支付的概念及其分类的基础上,详细阐述了建立与主体功能区建设相协调的转移支付制度的必要性,然后深刻剖析现行转移支付制度在满足主体功能区上的缺陷与不足,最后结合我国实际情况,提出了构建与主体功能区建设相协调的财政转移支付制度的政策建议。     

Farmland prices and land-use changes in periurban protected natural areas

This paper provides empirical and conceptual insights in analysing the factors that determine the prices of farmland within Protected Natural Areas that are close to densely populated urban areas, the changes in land use experiences as well as the additional control policies needed to curb this unsustainable trend.The Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve nearby the metropolitan area of Bilbao (Basque Country, Spain) is the case study considered and its bordering non-protected rural area is used as a reference for comparison. A spatial hedonic farmland price model is estimated and the willingness of land purchasers to pay for different farmland characteristics quantified both inside and outside the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve. The main results are that: (1) residential development is taking place in all categories of farmland, (2) aside from neighbouring prices, farmland prices depend on different factors depending on whether the marketed plots stand inside or outside the Protected Natural Area, (3) the “reserve effect” on land prices is less powerful than the “proximity to the metropolitan area (and motorway) effect” observed from villages of the non-protected area located in the 3rd crown of Bilbao, (4) the reasons for farmers non-compliance with policy regulations is the necessary knowledge base for the farmland conservation policy design and (5) in the light of the results, three development-control policy instruments such as Payments for Ecosystem Services, Tradable Planning Permits and development-taxes are discussed considering the factors that could improve compliance.     

开放基础教育对老城区经济拉动的调查与分析

目前沈阳市部分老城区发展存在瓶颈：地区人口流动性差，老龄化相对严重，人口素质较低，如何解决这些制约瓶颈，实现经济社会的可持续发展是当前各界关注的热点问题。以沈阳市中心城区和平区为例，通过对和平区八经街道办事处管辖范围区域存在问题的分析，找出制约瓶颈，提出新思路：从教育入手，通过开放沈阳市优势基础教育，实现沈阳与周边城区教育资源共享，以教育带动区域经济、社会、文化的全面发展，为促进“大沈阳”建设作出贡献。     

粮食安全视角下粮食主产区耕地休耕规模及动态仿真研究

研究目的:以保障粮食安全为目标,构建粮食主产区休耕最大规模测算和仿真模型,仿真预测不同人口政策效应情景下最大休耕规模及休耕规模弹性边界,以期为保障中国休耕政策推行的科学性和合理性提供参考.研究方法:系统动力学模型.研究结果:(1)2007—2016年模拟期内,湖北省在兼顾区域粮食供给和保障国家粮食安全的同时,能够保有一定比例持续增长的弹性耕地资源,支撑国家"藏粮于地"战略的实施;(2)2017—2036年仿真期内,湖北省休耕最大规模和休耕规模弹性边界在人口增长保持不变和不断下降两种情景下总体保持扩张趋势,在人口增幅略微上升和大幅上升两种情景下呈现先缩小再扩大的态势;(3)在当前符合全面二孩政策目标人群规模庞大且妇女二孩生育意愿较强的情况下,全面二孩政策在中长期的粮食需求增加效应极有可能导致湖北省可休耕耕地规模减少和休耕规模弹性边界缩小.研究结论:应积极扩大休耕规模和范围,丰富休耕试点区域,正式建立目标多元化、模式多样化和实施常态化的耕地休耕制度,以粮食安全为前提实现对休耕的宏观调控.     

Free trade: what are the terms-of-trade effects?

Changes in trade policy affect a nation’s economic welfare through terms-of-trade and volume-of-trade effects. A move to global free trade would imply higher world economic welfare equal to the sum of all nations’ volume-of-trade, or efficiency, effects. Since the sum of the terms-of-trade effects across all nations is zero, terms-of-trade effects are contentious. Konishi, Kowalczyk and Sjöström (2003) have shown that if customs unions do not affect trade with non-member countries, immediate global free could be achieved if free trade were proposed together with international sidepayments equal to the terms of trade effects. How large would these terms of trade effects, and hence transfers, be? This paper presents estimates from a simple computable general equilibrium model of a world economy of perfect competition. We show that, in some cases, terms-of-trade effects are small compared to efficiency gains, and transfers are not necessary for free trade. In other cases, terms-of-trade gains may account for more than 50% of a country’s gains from free trade and transfers could be large.     

元代安徽地区的土地开发与利用

元代安徽地区的官田和民田多得到了有效开发与利用。官田主要用于充当职田、屯田、赐田、草场、牧地等,占有主体为封建国家。在官田中,屯田最发达,分布广,延续时间长,在全国具有重要地位。民田占有主体为官僚地主、一般富户地主、宗族地主、自耕农、民办学校、寺院等,呈现多元化特征。在民田中,族田、学田较发达,地域特色明显。在官、民田中,租佃制经营方式十分流行,地租形态以实物地租为主,也存在货币地租,但不普遍。     

Seeing the forest for the trees: tourism and the International Year of Forests

The year 2011 is the United Nations International Year of Forests. In addition to performing extremely significant environmental, economic, and social services, forests are also important tourism attractions in their own right and locations for recreation and tourism activities. The limited statistical data available suggest that there are billions of tourism and recreational visits to forests each year. This paper provides a global overview of biodiversity conservation, protected areas, recreational access, and management objectives in forests before outlining some of the main themes in the relationship between tourism and forests. It concludes that there is a need for a research effort on tourism and forests in order to provide greater recognition for the economic and environmental contributions of tourism in forest areas as well as the overall value of forests for health and wellbeing.